The evolution of communication technologies has paved the way for advanced next-generation network infrastructure. These networks are characterized by elevated bandwidth capabilities, reduced latency, and a layered architecture designed to enable diverse applications. From Fiber optic deployments to the integration of artificial intelligence, next-

The landscape of telecommunications is in a constant flux, driven by the ever-growing demand for faster, more reliable connectivity. Next-generation networks (NGNs) are at the forefront of this shift, promising to deliver unprecedented capacity and innovative services. From fiber optic technologies to software-defined networking, NGNs are poised to